Sep 22, · A PICO based question is the starting point of any dissertation student of mine, although not all the categories may apply. Once the question is set, the search strategy evolves and we can start generating keywords around the question categories. But let’s take an education blogger.comted Reading Time: 12 mins Jun 19, · It Desk Based Research Dissertation Proposal might seem impossible to you that all custom-written essays, research papers, speeches, book reviews, and Desk Based Research Dissertation Proposal other custom task completed by our writers are both of high quality and cheap including that the samples for the study are collected from known populations and measurements are Angela merkel dissertation for qriting writing students. Specify: 39 bellevue wa change factors related. Forums general, md. Intercollegiate for success. essay on true friend in. Rudoes she ever wonder a phd thesis of time or dissertation examplesfrom desk based research povertydissertation blogger.comted Reading Time: 5 mins
Writing a desk based dissertation proposal
How to conduct effective desk based dissertation research? This article is desk based dissertation any university student about to embark on writing essays or completing dissertations and projects for the first time. I have also run workshops introducing these methods and they do seem to be overwhelmingly useful even to more experienced researchers.
This provides a robust methodology for the students to follow and is a much more rewarding and exacting project than a mere literature review. So, let us embark on an interesting and hopefully informative journey about how to carry out effective desk-top research. The result should be a robust and reliable assimilation of evidence in order to reach a reliable conclusion.
Medical systematic reviews are conducted and published through the Cochrane Library named after Archie Cochrane a Scottish doctor who established the idea of evidence-based medicine.
Why do I mention systematic reviews in relation to desk-top research? Well — if you understand the premise and approaches of a systematic review and apply them to your essays, coursework and dissertations, then you will be undertaking a high quality piece of work or suggesting a high quality assignment if you are setting the work.
The steps highlighted below would also provide you with a methodology and the basis of a methods section for a dissertation, desk based dissertation. Figure 1 illustrates the systematic approach. The details on the left hand side are the minimum approach that could be undertaken in an essay or piece of desk-top research.
For more in-depth undergraduate projects, and certainly for full systematic reviews, desk based dissertation, the details on the right hand side would need to be fully understood and reported. FIGURE 1 Overview of the systematic approach CC BY SA Viv Rolfe, desk based dissertation. Full systematic reviews can be conducted on any subject, not just medical ones. I have written ones on education subjects — and here too, they are useful to pool knowledge about best practice, or to evaluate new innovations in teaching for example.
In education, often the methods are more relaxed as generally education papers do not meet the high quality standards of medical papers and their research designs. Systematic principles — we should all use them! A full systematic review is a serious piece of research and I like to teach the principles to my university students wherever possible because it provides them with a basis for doing high quality literature reviews, essays and dissertations.
In fact I believe that anyone conducting research should know these principles. How many times do we hear that people are just using a Google Search or even Scholar, and they think it is research? The mainstay for any professional research must be the use of peer-reviewed and edited articles, and Scholar will not provide a robust enough search of these, and will also retrieve non-peer-reviewed reports and documents. Interesting as background reading certainly, but not for citation within a professional piece of work.
The formulation of a precise research question is the starting point for any research and can be quite tricky. In medicine the PICO framework is used to define the various elements — population, intervention, comparison and outcome measure. For example I might be interested whether probiotics help people with diarrhoea.
Population — patients with diarrhoea Intervention — probiotics Comparison — no treatment Outcome — alleviation of diarrhoeal symptoms. A PICO based question is the starting point of any dissertation student of mine, although not all the categories may apply.
Once the question is set, the search strategy evolves and we can start generating keywords around the question categories. A systematic review will aim to find ALL the articles in the world! This means not just using electronic databases, but hand searching books and journals, and contacting experts for unpublished or ongoing research. This can be quite a time intensive process.
Today, desk based dissertation, the process is greatly helped by being able to save your searches within electronic databases, desk based dissertation once established e.
you might run a search at the start of your student projectyou can simply run it again at the end to check for recent articles. Be pragmatic with the time you have — you might not be able to search everywhere, and the school of thought is that actually a good search of electronic databases will retrieve you the majority of articles these days, desk based dissertation, although do take care if you are particularly interested in more historic ones that may not be digitised.
So, where you decide to search will depend on what your organisation or local library has access to. Web of Knowledge and Medline are the mainstays of my research — which is both medical and educational. For my review on MOOCs I also used SCOPUS, IEEE and others. These cover both conference proceedings and workshop proceedings alongside published articles original research, literature reviews, comments, opinions, letters etc.
The next step is building up these words further. This is where I recommend using Wikipedia, desk based dissertation. It is a great keyword generator. I will also run some searches at this point to find relevant studies and look at their keywords to add to the list.
If you were carrying out a full systematic review to publish, you would spend some time building up your keywords and then testing the results to ensure you were retrieving relevant articles.
This iterative process might go on for some time, although for shorter-time scale projects such as undergraduate work, this may not be desirable. In desk based dissertation research I recently conducted looking at massive online open courses — MOOCs — I used six online databases to search, desk based dissertation, and used Boolean notation for searching with my keyword lists.
There is a nice explanation of the use of Boolean logic on Ithaca College Library website, desk based dissertation. This in its simplest form uses the words inputed in capitals — AND, OR, NOT to combine keywords in order to expand and cross-reference your search accordingly.
The Figure 2 summarises this approach. FIGURE 2 Principles of Boolean logic to expand OR and cross-reference AND searches. CC BY SA Viv Rolfe, desk based dissertation. If searching phrases these need to be in quotations otherwise the individual words will be searched for separately and return thousands of results. This is following very simple principles and those expert in searching and forming Boolean instruction will be more complex than this.
means search OR — this will link together keywords and is used to broaden a search AND — this will cross-reference two searches and not expand the search as you might suspect NOT — this will exclude terms from the search.
Going back to our question whether probiotics are effective for patients with diarrhoea, we could just haphazardly search for the keywords as shown below in Figure 3.
However, desk based dissertation, as shown by the numbers, you will retrieve vast numbers of records and your search will not be specifically desk based dissertation your question. FIGURE 3 How NOT to search using keywords! You may also search for humans and adults as a focus, and also the disease of interest. These of course can be further limited perhaps by searching just for clinical trials, desk based dissertation.
Organisation is key and many online databases can set up accounts to save your searches Medline is great for this or export your outputs to a reference manager. The analysis steps might be important in a systematic review where you have pre-set what your research question is and your criteria for including studies. You can therefore use a new Excel sheet for each step in the analysis to maintain a good record of your process. If you are completing a desk based dissertation systematic review, you will wish to refine your search in an iterative manner.
That is, you will look at your search results to see if they are retrieving relevant articles, and refine the keywords and Boolean strategy if necessary to produce a more precise result. This step desk based dissertation in my experience take far more time than you might realise. Could be optional depending on type of project or research. For an undergraduate project you may not wish to be so stringent to think about what types of studies you wish to include or exclude.
If you are completing a literature review, you may want just to provide an overall evaluation of everything that you have found. If you are being more systematic and wish to generate data for your project, you can follow the steps undertaken by a full systematic review, and record the numbers of studies you include and exclude at each phase, desk based dissertation.
The beauty of this within a project or desk based dissertation of research is that you are generating legitimate research data that can be displayed in a number of established figures and formats as illustrated below in Figure 5. Here, the results of a literature search and numbers of studies that are excluded during the process are shown. FIGURE 5 Literature search flow diagram CC BY SA Viv Rolfe, desk based dissertation. Some excellent details on how to report systematic review results can be found not he following website, desk based dissertation, describing the PRISMA statements — preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta analyses.
You will need to decide your inclusion and exclusion criteria at the start when you are writing your research proposal, or planning your essay. If you did wish to consider excluding types of articles, you might for example be doing a medical review and may well wish desk based dissertation only include randomised controlled trials.
You might be researching an area of biomedical science and wish only to include animal investigations. If you are interested in systematic reviews in education specifically, this is a subject of development and debate the present time e.
Bennett Studies can be duplicated in more subtle ways, for example an author might publish an abstract of data desk based dissertation a national journal, and then present the data at international conference. These are strictly duplicate studies because they contain the same data. The duplicate will need to be removed as desk based dissertation in Figure 5.
If you are intending to follow a systematic approach you will need to construct a series of spreadsheets to gather and organise your results. If you are completing a full systematic review you will establish the layout of a data extraction table prior to starting the desk based dissertation. This would include items such as author name, desk based dissertation, date of publication, methodology, outcome measures, and a host of other details, desk based dissertation.
Again, the Cochrane organisation desk based dissertation further details on data extraction, desk based dissertation. Sorting your search results and applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria does take time, but ultimately it will give you the good results you are looking for. In a full-scale systematic review a number of authors would do these steps independently to ensure the process is accurate and to avoid bias introduced by personal choices and preferences.
A third author can help discuss any areas of conflict or indecision. Filtering of the papers generally occurs in desk based dissertation phases:. Phase 1 of filtering. You can quickly filter your results often by just looking at the titles and author names to identify duplicates.
You may need to review the abstracts at this point to ensure they match your inclusion criteria. Anything that is unclear will need to be checked by reviewing the full paper. Phase 2 of selecting and filtering. If your inclusion criteria is looking for a specific methodology — e. randomised controlled trial, or specific subset of articles — e. animal studies, if you cannot glean this information from the abstract you will need the full paper to review. So you might go through a phase of ordering full papers, and again use a reference manager of file system on your computer to organise yourself.
I generally obtain desk based dissertation full paper for every article as I go along, desk based dissertation.
The Dissertation: what is desk-based research \u0026 how does it differ from simply writing a long essay?
, time: 9:37Systematic approach to desk-top research and university projects | Viv’z Blog
Aug 05, · In conceptual dissertations the argumentation is used to justify the theories employed and the interpretation offered of other studies. The greater freedom of desk-based research can bring with it the reward of exploring the bigger patterns that can be found emerging from numerous more narrowly focussed empirical studies desk study is a review of the food security–related information available before the in-depth food security study takes place, including documents and historic data. Its purpose is to help build a good understanding of the food security situation in a country and that situation’s evolution, and to Jun 19, · It Desk Based Research Dissertation Proposal might seem impossible to you that all custom-written essays, research papers, speeches, book reviews, and Desk Based Research Dissertation Proposal other custom task completed by our writers are both of high quality and cheap including that the samples for the study are collected from known populations and measurements are
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